Corporate Governance Essay Example For Students

Corporate Governance Essay CORPORATE GOVERNANCEThe Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘governance’ as ‘the act, manner, fact or function of governing, sway, control’. ‘To govern’ is ‘to rule with authority’, ’to exercise the function of government’, ‘to sway, rule, influence, regulate, determine’, ‘to conduct oneself in some way; curb, bridle (one’s passions, oneself)’, or ‘to constitute a law for’. Governing is, therefore, a whole range of actions, initiatives and response patterns from rule through influence to self-control and self-regulation. By inference it includes ‘driving’ as well as ‘steering’. Therefore, in seeking to define governance and the purpose it is to acheive, it is necessary to give adequate consideration to its antitheses – ‘freedom’ and ‘individualism’. Governance as such has been largely taken for granted in the past. Something that does not require a systematic and detailed analysis, ‘efforts’ or ‘commitment’ of resources. For most of human existence governance has been imposed on the majority by a small elite, this form of governance depended on curtailing the freedom of the ruled in order to maximize the power of the rulers. The monopolizing of power by rulers made it virtually impossible for defects in governance either to be recognized by the ruled or to be challenge d by them. Governance has gone by default since regimes did not share decisions with their subjects but left them to suffer the consequences of failure. In more recent times the growth of democracy together with the waning of communism and other extreme regimes has led to increasing concern at undue concentrations of power and its misuse. The loss or depreciation of long – accepted models has created intellectual turmoil and a search for better processes of governance. Thus emerged the modern concept of governance based on the foundation that untrammeled personal freedom is akin to lawlessness. Such an employment of personal freedom requires a strict internal discipline or self – governance that is rare. If we admit the concept of original sin, we are faced with the need for a code of morality and a process of self – governance. As Geoff Mulgan suggests ‘morality is a word that can be notoriously abused’. Thus making self – governance an imperfect art and a shaky foundation for the governance of ‘ groups ‘. As corporate’s realised this, new models of governance came to the fore. Muller defines governance thus: Governance is concerned with the intrinsic nature, purpose, integrity and identity of an institution with a primary focus on the entity’s relevance, continuity and fiduciary aspects. Thus Governance involves monitoring and overseeing strategic direction, socioeconomic and cultural contexts, externalities and constituencies of the institution. Thus, the primary goal of governance is making sure the right questions get asked at the right time, at the right place, ‘by’ the right persons, ‘to’ the right persons and in the right manner. It is not a coincidence that the worst corporate performers are the ones that had once been so securely on top that they stopped asking questions. Governance is usually delivered through an agreed constitution, through a complex web of customs and practices, underpinned by a shared system of ethics, to a range of stakeholders from the shareholder to the customer in that institution. Styles of governance vary depending on the nature and size of the body concerned. At one extreme is the rule-based style adopted by public sector bodies, which may be concerned with conformity rather than performance. At the other extreme are the churches and clubs where governance is based on trust. Most corporate bodies have an amalgam of both trust and rules in appropriate proportions. The Logic being that trust can only work with open governance. The basic prerequisite to achieving successful and effective governance is the establishment of certain criteria for systematic governance. As a minimum these are likely to be:1. the identity of the body2. definition of its purpose3. how the purpose is to be achieved4. membership criteria (both explicit, such as shared interests, and implicit for example shared values)5. how the body is to be administered6. how the body relates externally7. how success is measured8. termination arrangementIn practice the constitutional details of most organizations will be more complex , interrelated and overlapping, but the basic elements need to be present in order so as to permit the organisation to function. Thus once the foundation for governance has been laid it is very important to address the heart of the issue of governance, which is the tension between achieving the objectives of the organization and the fulfillment of the personal objectives of its members and other stakeholders. Every relationship between individuals requires some trade-off of their separate interests. In healthy relationships these trade-offs are negotiated openly, explicitly or tacitly, and the bargain is kept. Where the trade-offs are not recognised, or the bargain is imposed from one side or is undermined unilaterally by stealth, there can be no healthy relationship. This process is at the heart of governance. Stakeholding is, basically about ownership. In Company Law it belongs exclusively to ordinary shareholders; other classes of shareholder have lesser rights to reflect the lower risk attaching to their investment. But in an organisation ‘stakeholding‘ implies differently for different interest groups. For the directors it can be seen as the right to secure tenure and to deploy the company’s assets as they see fit. For employees it can be about having a safe job and prospects to advancement, which they may wish to protect by membership of trade unions. For customers it can be about the right to demand outstanding service for an economic price; for suppliers and distributors it can be about a stable and profitable trading relationship, for government it is about providing sufficient jobs and paying all dues and taxes without problems or delays. For competitors it is about sharing a marketplace and protecting it from new entrants. Bchs football EssayThe wider approach to corporate governance has been pioneered by the RSA enquiry into ‘Tomorrow’s Company’ and subsequent work to develop a broad strategic approach to corporate governance, involving stakeholder other than shareholders and the Board, which may be called ‘Inclusive Corporate Governance’.The work done has focused on principles as well as processes. The ‘Seven Principles of Public Life’ distilled by the review process are selflessness, integrity, objectivity, accountability, openness, honesty and leadership. The greater complexity of business made it necessary to bring specific skills to the board table and executive directors had to be given wider discretion in order to direct the company. This enabled many boards to concentrate control in their hands, leaving stakeholders to act as mere profit takers. The rapid expansion and progressive integration of businesses into larger groups led to a diminution in the power of the holding company boards, who were forced to give greater discretion to the managers of business units in order to maintain the impetus of growth. Carl Icahn, T. Boone Pickens and Lord Hanson. These were the first people to dissect living companies and find ‘breakup value’ within them. They developed techniques such as ‘Shareholder Value Analysis’ (SVA) which later evolved into ‘Economic Value Added Analysis’, known as EVA.The use of SVA and EVA techniques has not only helped to restructure businesses but has enabled clear profit and investment targets to be driven down to the lowest operating levels. This strengthens the hand of group directors in the strategic management process and makes it easier to manage reward systems throughout the group. The role of international law in effecting governance across boundaries has grown steadily, with the increasing globalization of trade in goods and services. The legal structure pivots on The International Court in the Hague for disputes between states, with criminal cases being brought to special tribunals. Countries individually have various acts such as The Companies Act , 1956 and the Income Tax Act have been formulated by our government for effective governance. A new technique which has emerged as a result of growing business empires is based upon a very important paradox in the struggle between integration and devolution. Larger units are expected to be more economic and more homogeneous. Much of the reality of larger units is that they become more bureaucratic and internecine. The United Nations is an excellent example of this phenomenon; the World Bank has degraded in a similar fashion. To an increasing degree the world’s largest companies have restructured themselves to achieve internal devolution. The bottom line of organisations being : â€Å"We are not a global business. We are a collection of local businesses with intense global coordination†. As Jack Welch, CEO of GE very aptly quotes: ‘What we are trying relentlessly to do is to get that small company soul and small company speed – inside a big company body’. Issues of corporate governance have been addressed largely from a standpoint of improving controls and board processes rather than from a conviction that continuous improvement in governance can be a powerful competitive weapon. There lie a number of opportunities for better corporate governance which may include:? A convergence of governance criteria with the public sector to reflect a more integrated modern world;? The change to reach beyond the shareholder/board of directors relationship to include customers, employees, suppliers and other who deliver results for the company;? The chance to use good governance to build competitive advantage in the long-term;? The chance to widen stewardship to build a platform for a long-term sustainable growth of profits. ? The responsibilities of executive and non-executive directors for reviewing and reporting on performance to shareholders and other financially interested parties; and the frequency, clarity and form in which information should be provided;? The case of audit committees of the board, including their composition and role;? The principal responsibilities of auditors and the extent the value of the audit;? The links between shareholders, boards and auditors;? Traditionally, a company’s directors have been tasked with the role of choosing and monitoring its managers. But this is a moot exercise unless the directors also have the power to effect change. Directors should go beyond a basic â€Å"watchdog† role, to foster effective policies and act in a strategic capacity. Ideally, directors should have a recognized role in governing the corporation. Companies are increasingly reliant on the wider community which surrounds them, which in turn needs the support and resources which few others apart from companies can give. This is a stakeholding relationship which good governance needs to recognise and which can make a company distinctive to those who deal with it. Companies which share values with their wider communities are likely to generate sustainable profitability to share with them also.New structures are needed to reflect new and more complex relationships. Today, at the close of the century, corporate governance is still an important tool for monitoring performance and enhancing value even though the ultimate shape of this tool is in the process of being forged. Business

The Byzantine Empire Essay Example For Students

The Byzantine Empire Essay The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire, the survivor of the Roman empire, flourished intothe oldest and longest lasting empire in our history. It began with Constantinethe Greats triumph of Christianity. He then transferred his capital from Rometo the refounded Byzantium in the early 4th century, year 330 AD, and named itConstantinople after himself. This city became the surviving safe spot afterthe breakup of the Western Roman empire by the 5th century. It was by far thelargest and richest city in Christendom during the Middle Ages with a populationof about one million people. (Encarta)Constantine the Great had established a criterion for the empire tofollow throughout its history. It included the harmony of the church, theleaders and the teachers of the empire. Constantine created a successful newmonetary system based on the gold solidus, or nomisma which lasted well into themiddle of the 11th century. Because of the commercial thriving throughout the4th, 5th, and 6th centuries, many ancient cities flourished. Large estatesdominated agriculture which continued to be fruitful in spite of the heavytaxation causing an abandonment of land. From the beginning to the end of theByzantine empire, the church and the emperor had been the largest landholders,therefore being the largest profiteers of Byzantine. (Encarta)After the Roman empire fell in 476 AD, Byzantine conquered all. It tookover the space of southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, and the northeastcorner of Africa. The present day countries in these areas include the BalkanPeninsula, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Egypt. This large empire known asByzantine didnt get called Byzantine until scholars named it. The people ofthat time were not thought of as Byzantines but as Romans who lived a Romanlifestyle. Byzantine had been started and ruled by an emperor without anyformal constitution. It slowly formed a similar establishment of late Romaninstitutions. Byzantine followed the Romans orthodox Christianity as well. Thepredominant language of this era was Greek, although some subjects spoke Latin,Coptic, and Armenian. (Great Ages)The Greek language led to a Greek culture. The Byzantine empire stoodout for their Christian religion and their expression of it in their artwork. We will write a custom essay on The Byzantine Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These Romans carved exquisite ivories, illuminated manuscripts, and formedmosaics out of glass and stone. Mosaics were pictures formed from these objectswith the intent to stimulate profound religious thought. The mood of thesemosaics was always honoring and respectful of Christianity and its components. Another form of Christian expression was in the form of icons. These were partsof the Gospel played out into visual pictures. The icons portrayed prayers,hymns, and sermons in color. These too created a reverence for worshippers tofollow. That was the first goal of icons. The second goal was to form anexistential link between themselves as worshippers and God. These are only afew ways that Byzantines use art as a part of their religion. (Great Ages)Religion was a great part of the Byzantine empire. To form a biggerChristian kingdom, Christian Justinian the first attempted to bring the west andeast Byzantine empires together in 527 AD Justinian became the second emperorof Byzantine at that time. Him and his wife, Theodora, set a goal to restorethe former majesty. (Oxford History) They wanted to improve the intellectualquality and their geographical limits of the Roman Empire. At a great cost,they reconquered North Africa, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, and parts of Spain. This was part of the reason the Byzantine empire fell. Justinian and Theodora,with substantial expenses, induced in fabricating public buildings and churches. .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .postImageUrl , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:hover , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:visited , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:active { border:0!important; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:active , .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4 .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua011e4c90623caf5f26d5ab41603f5a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American Dream EssayOne of these famous churches was the Hagia Sophia, Church of the Holy Wisdom, inConstantinople. After spending so much of the Byzantines money, the empire wasoverstrained when finally their resources ran dry. Along with that problem,plagues crossed the nation and reduced the Byzantine population. (Encarta)To fight the rundown of the Byzantine nation, they transformed theirarmies into an elite expeditionary guard called tagmata and army corps labeledthemes or themata. Each of these were commanded by a strategos or general whoacquired civil and military authority of his army district. Thematic armiesbecame army corps districts whose soldiers acquired tax-exempt lands, preservingthe core of the empire while avoiding the incriminating drain of cash that hadoverstrained the salaried armies of the period before the Arab invasions. (Encarta)Finally, the invasions began. Byzantine was able to defend itselfagainst Germanic and Hunnic raids in the 5th and 6th centuries. They were alsoable to stabilize a reasonably

Hillside veterinarian clinic marketing plan free essay sample

The plan also follows APA style formatting throughout the text body, headings, references, and tables. Overall the piece has a professional appearance with very few errors, and is logical. The plan refreshes the point and its strategic objectives. Evaluation Scale: A Excellent A) What is the target market for this plan? -The target market for this plan is for new customers, and includes families within a 10 mile radius of Wellington with small animals. B) What is the strategy Hillside Veterinary Clinic intends to use? The strategy that Hillside Veterinary Clinic intends to use is target marketing. Hillside is using this strategy because their marketing mix is tailored to fit specific target customers. C) What are your initial reactions to this strategy? -My initial reaction of this plan is that it has a clear and concise vision of what they want to achieve. The have clear goals and contain a excellent grasp of the four â€Å"P’s†, and how they are going to implement them. We will write a custom essay sample on Hillside veterinarian clinic marketing plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Do you think the plan will be successful Why? or Why not? -I do think the plan will be successful. I think the plan will be successful because Hillsides target market is reasonable and suits their capabilities. They have clear goals and a well-planned strategy in order to achieve those goals. The company also has skilled operands that match with the operants. This company can rely on their quality of service along with their marketing plan. The two will work well, and can market organically.

Free Essays on The Navajo

Dine (the people) is what the Navajo call themselves in their own language. Until 1969, non natives called these people â€Å"Navaho,† but is now spelled Navajo. The Spanish borrowed the word Navahu meaning â€Å"the valley in which there are fields.† The Navajo speak a language that belongs to the Athopaskan language group. Which most of Athopaskan languages are found in central Alaska and the inland areas of western Canada. At some point in history although it is unclear, the ancestors of the southern Athopaskan people, the Apache and the Navajo at one point migrated south out of the sub arctic region. It is believed that about 1,000 years ago these people followed the Rocky mountains south in small groups of hunters, gatherers, and fishermen. During a confrontation between the Navajo and the United States troops on August 31, 1849 in the Chuska Mountains, Narbona Primero, a local Navajo leader was killed. After he was killed even the friendliest of Navajos were convinced that coexistence with whites would not come easy. In the fall of 1862, brigade General James Carleton arrived in Navajo country to prevent the territory from invading confederate troops. It was also his job to prevent Indian raids against the Overland mail route. Colonel Christopher Kit Carson and Carleton met with leaders of a Navajo contingent to try and avoid war, and convinced them to move to Bosque Redondo. All Navajos who had not showed up to Bosque Redondo by July 20, 1863 were to be taken there by force. Most Navajos lived dispersed all over the west, so most Navajo did not even hear about the ultimatum. Carson and his men started a campaign that would destroy fields, orchards, villages, poison watering holes, and slaughter livestock. At the end of this scorched earth policy, was 301 Navajo dead, 87 wounded, 703 captive; the Army reported 17 dead, and 25 wounded. In 1868 congress ratified the treaty and the survivors returned to their homela... Free Essays on The Navajo Free Essays on The Navajo Dine (the people) is what the Navajo call themselves in their own language. Until 1969, non natives called these people â€Å"Navaho,† but is now spelled Navajo. The Spanish borrowed the word Navahu meaning â€Å"the valley in which there are fields.† The Navajo speak a language that belongs to the Athopaskan language group. Which most of Athopaskan languages are found in central Alaska and the inland areas of western Canada. At some point in history although it is unclear, the ancestors of the southern Athopaskan people, the Apache and the Navajo at one point migrated south out of the sub arctic region. It is believed that about 1,000 years ago these people followed the Rocky mountains south in small groups of hunters, gatherers, and fishermen. During a confrontation between the Navajo and the United States troops on August 31, 1849 in the Chuska Mountains, Narbona Primero, a local Navajo leader was killed. After he was killed even the friendliest of Navajos were convinced that coexistence with whites would not come easy. In the fall of 1862, brigade General James Carleton arrived in Navajo country to prevent the territory from invading confederate troops. It was also his job to prevent Indian raids against the Overland mail route. Colonel Christopher Kit Carson and Carleton met with leaders of a Navajo contingent to try and avoid war, and convinced them to move to Bosque Redondo. All Navajos who had not showed up to Bosque Redondo by July 20, 1863 were to be taken there by force. Most Navajos lived dispersed all over the west, so most Navajo did not even hear about the ultimatum. Carson and his men started a campaign that would destroy fields, orchards, villages, poison watering holes, and slaughter livestock. At the end of this scorched earth policy, was 301 Navajo dead, 87 wounded, 703 captive; the Army reported 17 dead, and 25 wounded. In 1868 congress ratified the treaty and the survivors returned to their homela...

RFP Correspondence management system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RFP Correspondence management system - Essay Example Reducing the number of steps the correspondences/documents go through in their path till they reach their final destination. This should be fixed by creating a user friendly interface where many easy to identify icons are placed for the user to assign task and route documents for action. Saving time and effort through giving the ability to trace the correspondences/documents state in terms of knowing their location in the department(s), who is the person responsible to take actions against them, delays, bottleneck etc†¦ Create Adobe PDF files for archiving and auditing and send the files to a preferred location for easy access when required. It also maintains an audit trail at each phase of the material management process. Provide post go-live support for 3 year for system maintenance and administration. This is to ensure that the system is updated to tailor upcoming needs and errors unforeseen during system development are corrected. All bidders to provide list of staff of those will be working in the project and proposed organization chart. Bidder should provide CVs with the proposal for Project Manager and system architects, web designers and developers for DEWA review and approval. Bidders shall be responsible to ensure that their company, solution providers, developers, sub-contractors, and suppliersare capableto satisfactorily meet the project requirements. This shall be done prior to submitting proposal to DEWA. In making the selection, DEWA will not be bound to award the tender to the lowest bidder. DEWA will take into consideration the prices offered, features and technology offered, proposed designs, delivery dates, cost for training and maintenance or any other elements which could affect the final cost to DEWA and the suitability of the solution. DEWA reserves the right to request the bidders to arrange for a demonstration/trainingto better

Lack of Water in Zambia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lack of Water in Zambia - Essay Example Further, most of the activities that man has undertaken require water to the extent that water may form a part of the energy production through electricity. However, the wider concept remains on whether a majority of the world population has access to clean water rather than water for any other designated purpose. On the contrary, economic analysts have foreseen water becoming the next sought after commodity after oil due to scarcity especially in arid areas of the world. Essentially, an arid land region is one characterized by intense water shortages that tend to facilitate slow development and nurturing of plant cover or animal life. Tentatively, they are mostly desert areas that surround the equator and commonly present in Africa. Subsequently, the purpose of this report will delve on the assessment of practical techniques for providing clean water to arid regions like Zambia. 2. Current situation in Zambia By 2010, a shocking 61% of the Zambian population had privileged access to improved water supply sources while 48% of the same population had access to sanitary options. Further, the challenges in water supply and access tended to vary depending on whether the population was in an urban setting or whether in rural places (Mc Intyre, 2012: 90). For instance, a UN survey indicated that at least 87% of the urban settler had access to water while only 48% of those residing in rural settings had access to the same. Additionally, access to water in the Zambian urban population indicates that 41% had running water or house connection while a significant 49% accessed water through water kiosks or vendors. Over time, the number of those accessing water through water kiosks has been on a steady increase trend while that of those enjoying house connections has been plummeting. However, the Zambian council for water and sanitation insist that the country has achieved water provision as a millennium development focus, but sanitation has proved elusive (Mutale, 2004). As many would say, lack of clean drinking water presents a number of significant implications that are mostly social especially for women and girls, a situation that is no different in Zambia. In turn, this raises the poverty levels within Zambia. 3. Consequences of water shortages in Zambia Annual precipitation levels in Zambia The graph above show the effect of percentage of class attendance throughout the year due to water shortage Arguably, the declining rainfall in the Zambian republic forms the basic reason as to why the country has continued to experience water scarcity. Two organization echo this sentiment, which are the System Network for Famine Early Warning and the world bank where they insist that the trend is worrying. Moreover, Zambia is a nation that has no access to the sea hence rendering this state as a landlocked country in the South African region. These two factors have facilitated the nation to have food insecurity as their government may not assure the over th irteen million Zambians with adequate food. According to water aid organization present in Zambia, for every three people, two have no access to clean water nor sanitation facilities. In turn, this has influenced the mortality rates for children within this country to be at an alarming ten thousand children annually. Ideally, the children tend to suffer from diarrhea and other sanitation related diseases like cholera, bilharzia among many others (Waters, 2008). These diseases tend to be water borne and treatable but access to quality health care facilitates an increase in the mortality rates. Sequentially, children and infants become prime victims of these

Stereotype Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stereotype - Research Paper Example Our society is plague with stereotypes, and even though we live in a world that is deemed civilized, prejudice will never be extinct. The turn of the nineteen century witnessed a new era for women. No longer were women contented to stay in the background, or fade in the shadows of their husbands. Having been in the air-force I have witnessed and heard how men view women in a mans world. They resent the fact that they will have to take orders from a woman superior. They have biases that have no foundation, other than the fact that they grow up hearing over and over the criteria that make women women. A woman should do what she does best―nurturing her husband and children. During my service in the air-force, one case in particular has a ineradicable imprint in my mind. My squadron had a woman drill sergeant; and my team-mates resented having to salute a woman or take orders from her. Many times they would pretend to forget and addressed her as â€Å"sir.† She was well aware of their hostility and that made her more militant than most male officer. Their reaction to her was predetermined, she knew it, and was determined to change their minds. Only the best she would accept, she had to prove herself, to show us that she can do a â€Å"mans job. She was dauntless, consequently, my team was first in all training exercise. My colleagues were using a hand-me-down stereotyping. They were perpetuating a myth, a myth that held its ground for many centuries, It was only in 1976, less than fifty years ago, that the first woman was allowed to register in the air-force. The logic that was displayed here is dogmatic. According to the book Introduction to Logic, â€Å"Dogmatism is the position taken by a person who asserts his or her belief as what should be the case: no room for disagreement is possible in this case, and if there is no room for disagreement, the possibility of argument also disappears. (please put the author(s) of the book, the publication